PowerDNS backends are implemented via a simple yet powerful C++ interface. If your needs are not met by the regular backends, including the PipeBackend and the RemoteBackend, you may want to write your own. Before doing any PowerDNS development, please read this blog post which has a FAQ and several pictures that help explain what a backend is.
A backend contains zero DNS logic. It need not look for CNAMEs, it need not return NS records unless explicitly asked for, etcetera. All DNS logic is contained within PowerDNS itself - backends should simply return records matching the description asked for.
Warning
However, please note that your backend can get queries in aNy CAsE! If your database is case-sensitive, like most are (with the notable exception of MySQL), you must make sure that you do find answers which differ only in case.
Warning
PowerDNS may instantiate multiple instances of your backend, or destroy existing copies and instantiate new ones. Backend code should therefore be thread-safe with respect to its static data. Additionally, it is wise if instantiation is a fast operation, with the possible exception of the first construction.
Besides regular query types, the DNS also knows the ‘ANY’ query type. When a server receives a question for this ANY type, it should reply with all record types available.
Backends should therefore implement being able to answer ‘ANY’ queries in this way, and supply all record types they have when they receive such an ‘ANY’ query. This is reflected in the sample script above, which for every qtype answers if the type matches, or if the query is for ‘ANY’.
However, since backends need to implement the ANY query anyhow, PowerDNS makes use of this. Since almost all DNS queries internally need to be translated first into a CNAME query and then into the actual query, possibly followed by a SOA or NS query (this is how DNS works internally), it makes sense for PowerDNS to speed this up, and just ask the ANY query of a backend.
When it has done so, it gets the data about SOA, CNAME and NS records in one go. This speeds things up tremendously.
The upshot of the above is that for any backend, including the PIPE backend, implementing the ANY query is NOT optional. And in fact, a backend may see almost exclusively ANY queries. This is not a bug.
Implementing a backend consists of inheriting from the DNSBackend class. For read-only backends, which do not support secondary operation, only the following methods are relevant:
class DNSBackend
{
public:
virtual void lookup(const QType &qtype, const string &qdomain, DNSPacket *pkt_p=0, int zoneId=-1)=0;
virtual bool list(const string &target, int domain_id)=0;
virtual bool get(DNSResourceRecord &r)=0;
virtual bool getSOA(const string &name, SOAData &soadata, DNSPacket *p=0);
};
Note that the first three methods must be implemented. getSOA() has
a useful default implementation.
The semantics are simple. Each instance of your class only handles one (1) query at a time. There is no need for locking as PowerDNS guarantees that your backend will never be called reentrantly.
Note
Queries for wildcard names should be answered literally, without expansion. So, if a backend gets a question for “*.powerdns.com”, it should only answer with data if there is an actual “*.powerdns.com” name
Some examples, a more formal specification is down below. A normal lookup starts like this:
YourBackend yb;
yb.lookup(QType::CNAME,"www.powerdns.com");
Your class should now do everything to start this query. Perform as much preparation as possible - handling errors at this stage is better for PowerDNS than doing so later on. A real error should be reported by throwing an exception.
PowerDNS will then call the get() method to get
DNSResourceRecords back. The following code illustrates a typical
query:
yb.lookup(QType::CNAME,"www.powerdns.com");
DNSResourceRecord rr;
while(yb.get(rr))
cout<<"Found cname pointing to '"+rr.content+"'"<<endl;
}
Each zone starts with a Start of Authority (SOA) record. This record is
special so many backends will choose to implement it specially. The
default getSOA() method performs a regular lookup on your backend to
figure out the SOA, so if you have no special treatment for SOA records,
where is no need to implement your own getSOA().
Figuring out the Start of Authority can require an important number of
call to getSOA() if the name has a lot of labels. For example,
figuring out that the SOA for 2.4.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.
is d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. might involve 26 calls, chopping off one label
at a time. If your backend has an efficient way to figure out the
best SOA it has for a given name, it is possible to override the
default getSOA() implementation to immediately return the
d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. SOA record to the first
2.4.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.
getSOA() call.
Besides direct queries, PowerDNS also needs to be able to list a zone,
to do zone transfers for example. Each zone has an id which should be
unique within the backends. To list all records belonging to a zone id,
the list() method is used. Conveniently, the domain_id is also
available in the SOAData structure.
Warning
Each zone should have a unique id, even across backends.
The following lists the contents of a zone called “powerdns.com”.
SOAData sd;
if(!yb.getSOA("powerdns.com",sd)) // are we authoritative over powerdns.com?
return RCode::NotAuth; // no
yb.list(sd.domain_id);
while(yb.get(rr))
cout<<rr.qname<<"\t IN "<<rr.qtype.getName()<<"\t"<<rr.content<<endl;
This backend only knows about the host “random.powerdns.com”, and furthermore, only about its A record:
/* FIRST PART */
class RandomBackend : public DNSBackend
{
public:
bool list(const string &target, int id)
{
return false; // we don't support AXFR
}
void lookup(const QType &type, const string &qdomain, DNSPacket *p, int zoneId)
{
if(type.getCode()!=QType::A || qdomain!="random.powerdns.com") // we only know about random.powerdns.com A
d_answer=""; // no answer
else {
ostringstream os;
os<<random()%256<<"."<<random()%256<<"."<<random()%256<<"."<<random()%256;
d_answer=os.str(); // our random ip address
}
}
bool get(DNSResourceRecord &rr)
{
if(!d_answer.empty()) {
rr.qname="random.powerdns.com"; // fill in details
rr.qtype=QType::A; // A record
rr.ttl=86400; // 1 day
rr.content=d_answer;
d_answer=""; // this was the last answer
return true;
}
return false; // no more data
}
private:
string d_answer;
};
/* SECOND PART */
class RandomFactory : public BackendFactory
{
public:
RandomFactory() : BackendFactory("random") {}
DNSBackend *make(const string &suffix)
{
return new RandomBackend();
}
};
/* THIRD PART */
class RandomLoader
{
public:
RandomLoader()
{
BackendMakers().report(std::make_unique<RandomFactory>());
g_log << Logger::Info << "[randombackend] This is the random backend version " VERSION " reporting" << endl;
}
};
static RandomLoader randomloader;
This simple backend can be used as an ‘overlay’. In other words, it only
knows about a single name, random.powerdns.com, another loaded backend
would have to know about the SOA and NS records for the powerdns.com zone
and such.
Warning
Spreading the content of a zone across multiple backends, described above
as ‘overlay’, makes the zone incompatible with some operations that
assume that a single zone is always entirely stored in the same backend.
Such operations include zone transfers, listing and editing zone content via
the API or pdnsutil.
Warning
When the content of a zone is spread across multiple backends, all the types
for a given name should be delegated to the same backend.
For example a backend can know about all the types for random.powerdns.com
while another backend knows about all the types for random2.powerdns.com,
but it is not possible to let one backend handle only AAAA queries for
all names while another one handles only A queries, for example.
This limitation comes from the fact that PowerDNS uses ANY queries to fetch
all types from the backend in one go and that it assumes that once one backend
has returned records the other ones do not need to be called.
It is also possible to have two backends providing records for the same name
and types, for example if the first one does not support DNSSEC and the second
does, but that requires some mechanism outside of PowerDNS to keep records in
sync between the two backends.
The first part of the code contains the actual logic and should be pretty straightforward. The second part is a boilerplate ‘factory’ class which PowerDNS calls to create randombackend instances. Note that a ‘suffix’ parameter is passed. Real life backends also declare parameters for the configuration file; these get the ‘suffix’ appended to them. Note that the “random” in the constructor denotes the name by which the backend will be known.
The third part registers the RandomFactory with PowerDNS. This is a simple C++ trick which makes sure that this function is called on execution of the binary or when loading the dynamic module.
Note
This simple backend neglects to handle case properly!
DNSResourceRecord¶DNSResourceRecord::qname¶Name of this record
DNSResourceRecord::qtype¶Query type of this record
DNSResourceRecord::content¶ASCII representation of the right-hand side
DNSResourceRecord::ttl¶Time To Live of this record
DNSResourceRecord::domain_id¶ID of the domain this record belongs to
DNSResourceRecord::last_modified¶If unzero, last time_t this record was changed
DNSResourceRecord::auth¶Used for DNSSEC operations. See Migrating (Signed) Zones to PowerDNS.
It is also useful to check out the rectifyZone() in pdnsutil.cc.
DNSResourceRecord::disabled¶If set, this record is not to be served to DNS clients. Backends should not make these records available to PowerDNS unless indicated otherwise.
SOAData¶DNSBackend::lookup(const QType &qtype, const string &qdomain, DNSPacket *pkt = nullptr, int zoneId = -1)¶This function is used to initiate a straight lookup for a record of name
‘qdomain’ and type ‘qtype’. A QType can be converted into an integer by
invoking its getCode() method and into a string with the
getCode().
The original question may or may not be passed in the pointer pkt. If it
is, you can retrieve information about who asked the question with the
pkt->getRemote() method.
Note
Since 4.1.0, ‘SOA’ lookups are not passed this pointer anymore because PowerDNS doesn’t support tailoring whether a whole zone exists or not based on who is asking.
Note that qdomain can be of any case and that your backend should
make sure it is in effect case-insensitive. Furthermore, the case of the
original question should be retained in answers returned by get()!
Finally, the domain_id might also be passed indicating that only answers from the indicated zone need apply. This can both be used as a restriction or as a possible speedup, hinting your backend where the answer might be found.
If initiated successfully, as indicated by returning true, answers
should be made available over the get() method.
Should throw an PDNSException if an error occurred accessing the database. Returning otherwise indicates that the query was started successfully. If it is known that no data is available, no exception should be thrown! An exception indicates that the backend considers itself broken - not that no answers are available for a question.
It is legal to return here, and have the first call to get() return
false. This is interpreted as ‘no data’.
DNSBackend::list(int domain_id, bool include_disabled = false)¶Initiates a list of the indicated domain. Records should then be made
available via the get() method. Need not include the SOA record. If
it is, PowerDNS will not get confused. If include_disabled is given as
true, records that are configured but should not be served to DNS
clients must also be made available.
Should return false if the backend does not consider itself authoritative for this zone. Should throw an PDNSException if an error occurred accessing the database. Returning true indicates that data is or should be available.
DNSBackend::get(DNSResourceRecord &rr)¶Request a DNSResourceRecord from a query started by get() of
list(). If this functions returns true, rr has been filled
with data. When it returns false, no more data is available, and rr
does not contain new data. A backend should make sure that it either
fills out all fields of the DNSResourceRecord or resets them to their
default values.
The qname field of the DNSResourceRecord should be filled out with the
exact qdomain passed to lookup, preserving its case. So if a query
for ‘CaSe.yourdomain.com’ comes in and your database contains data for
‘case.yourdomain.com’, the qname field of rr should contain
‘CaSe.yourdomain.com’!
Should throw an PDNSException in case a database error occurred.
DNSBackend::getSOA(const string &name, SOAData &soadata)¶If the backend considers itself authoritative over domain name, this
method should fill out the passed SOAData structure and return a
positive number. If the backend is functioning correctly, but does not
consider itself authoritative, it should return 0. In case of errors, an
PDNSException should be thrown.
To report errors, the Logger class is available which works mostly like an iostream. Example usage is as shown above in the RandomBackend. Note that it is very important that each line is ended with endl as your message won’t be visible otherwise.
To indicate the importance of an error, the standard syslog errorlevels
are available. They can be set by outputting Logger::Critical,
Logger::Error, Logger::Warning, Logger::Notice,
Logger::Info or Logger::Debug to g_log, in descending order of
graveness.
It is highly likely that a backend needs configuration details. On
launch, these parameters need to be declared with PowerDNS so it knows
it should accept them in the configuration file and on the command line.
Furthermore, they will be listed in the output of --help.
Declaring arguments is done by implementing the member function
declareArguments() in the factory class of your backend. PowerDNS
will call this method after launching the backend.
In the declareArguments() method, the function declare() is
available. The exact definitions:
DNSBackend::declareArguments(const string &suffix = "")¶This method is called to allow a backend to register configurable parameters. The suffix is the sub-name of this module. There is no need to touch this suffix, just pass it on to the declare method.
DNSBackend::declare(const string &suffix, const string ¶m, const string &explanation, const string &value)¶The suffix is passed to your method, and can be passed on to declare. param is the name of your parameter. explanation is what will appear in the output of –help. Furthermore, a default value can be supplied in the value parameter.
A sample implementation:
void declareArguments(const string &suffix)
{
declare(suffix,"dbname","Pdns backend database name to connect to","powerdns");
declare(suffix,"user","Pdns backend user to connect as","powerdns");
declare(suffix,"host","Pdns backend host to connect to","");
declare(suffix,"password","Pdns backend password to connect with","");
}
After the arguments have been declared, they can be accessed from your
backend using the mustDo(), getArg() and getArgAsNum()
methods. The are defined as follows in the DNSBackend class:
DNSBackend::setArgPrefix(const string &prefix)¶Must be called before any of the other accessing functions are used.
Typical usage is ‘setArgPrefix("mybackend"+suffix)’ in the
constructor of a backend.
DNSBackend::mustDo(const string &key)¶Returns true if the variable key is set to anything but ‘no’.
DNSBackend::getArg(const string &key)¶Returns the exact value of a parameter.
DNSBackend::getArgAsNum(const string &key)¶Returns the numerical value of a parameter. Uses atoi() internally
Sample usage from the BIND backend: getting the ‘check-interval’ setting:
if(!safeGetBBDomainInfo(i->name, &bbd)) {
bbd.d_id=domain_id++;
bbd.setCheckInterval(getArgAsNum("check-interval"));
bbd.d_lastnotified=0;
bbd.d_loaded=false;
}
The backends above are ‘natively capable’ in that they contain all data relevant for a domain and do not pull in data from other nameservers. To enable storage of information, a backend must be able to do more.
Before diving into the details of the implementation some theory is in order. Secondary domains are pulled from the primary. PowerDNS needs to know for which domains it is to be a secondary, and for each secondary domain, what the IP address of the primary is.
A secondary zone is pulled from a primary, after which it is ‘fresh’, but this is only temporary. In the SOA record of a zone there is a field which specifies the ‘refresh’ interval. After that interval has elapsed, the secondary nameserver needs to check at the primary if the serial number there is greater than what is stored in the backend locally.
If this is the case, PowerDNS dubs the domain ‘stale’, and schedules a transfer of data from the remote. This transfer remains scheduled until the serial numbers remote and locally are identical again.
This theory is implemented by the getUnfreshSlaveInfos method, which
is called on all backends periodically. This method fills a vector of
SlaveDomains with domains that are unfresh and possibly stale.
PowerDNS then retrieves the SOA of those domains remotely and locally and creates a list of stale domains. For each of these domains, PowerDNS starts a zone transfer to resynchronise. Because zone transfers can fail, it is important that the interface to the backend allows for transaction semantics because a zone might otherwise be left in a halfway updated situation.
The following excerpt from the DNSBackend shows the relevant functions:
class DNSBackend {
public:
/* ... */
virtual bool getDomainInfo(const string &domain, DomainInfo &di);
virtual bool isMaster(const string &name, const string &ip);
virtual bool startTransaction(const string &qname, int id);
virtual bool commitTransaction();
virtual bool abortTransaction();
virtual bool feedRecord(const DNSResourceRecord &rr, string *ordername=0);
virtual void getUnfreshSlaveInfos(vector<DomainInfo>* domains);
virtual void setFresh(uint32_t id);
/* ... */
}
The mentioned DomainInfo struct looks like this:
DomainInfo¶DomainInfo::id¶ID of this zone within this backend
DomainInfo::master¶IP address of the primary of this domain, if any
DomainInfo::serial¶Serial number of this zone
DomainInfo::notified_serial¶Last serial number of this zone that secondaries have seen
DomainInfo::last_check¶Last time this zone was checked over at the primary for changes
DomainInfo::kind¶Type of zone
DomainInfo::backend¶Pointer to the backend that feels authoritative for a domain and can act as a secondary
DomainKind¶The kind of domain, one of {Master,Slave,Native}.
These functions all have a default implementation that returns false - which explains that these methods can be omitted in simple backends. Furthermore, unlike with simple backends, a secondary capable backend must make sure that the ‘DNSBackend *db’ field of the SOAData record is filled out correctly - it is used to determine which backend will house this zone.
DomainInfo::isMaster(const string &name, const string &ip)¶If a backend considers itself a secondary for the domain name and if the IP address in ip is indeed a primary, it should return true. False otherwise. This is a first line of checks to guard against reloading a domain unnecessarily.
DomainInfo::getUnfreshSlaveInfos(vector<DomainInfo> *domains)¶When called, the backend should examine its list of secondary domains and add any unfresh ones to the domains vector.
DomainInfo::getDomainInfo(const string &name, DomainInfo &di)¶This is like getUnfreshSlaveInfos, but for a specific domain. If the
backend considers itself authoritative for the named zone, di should
be filled out, and ‘true’ be returned. Otherwise return false.
DomainInfo::startTransaction(const string &qname, int id)¶When called, the backend should start a transaction that can be committed or rolled back atomically later on. In SQL terms, this function should BEGIN a transaction and DELETE all records.
DomainInfo::feedRecord(const DNSResourceRecord &rr, string *ordername)¶Insert this record.
DomainInfo::commitTransaction()¶Make the changes effective. In SQL terms, execute COMMIT.
DomainInfo::abortTransaction()¶Abort changes. In SQL terms, execute ABORT.
DomainInfo::setFresh()¶Indicate that a domain has either been updated or refreshed without the
need for a retransfer. This causes the domain to vanish from the vector
modified by getUnfreshSlaveInfos().
PowerDNS will always call startTransaction() before making calls to
feedRecord(). Although it is likely that abortTransaction() will
be called in case of problems, backends should also be prepared to abort
from their destructor.
The actual code in PowerDNS is currently:
Resolver resolver;
resolver.axfr(remote,domain.c_str());
db->startTransaction(domain, domain_id);
g_log<<Logger::Error<<"AXFR started for '"<<domain<<"'"<<endl;
Resolver::res_t recs;
while(resolver.axfrChunk(recs)) {
for(Resolver::res_t::const_iterator i=recs.begin();i!=recs.end();++i) {
db->feedRecord(*i);
}
}
db->commitTransaction();
db->setFresh(domain_id);
g_log<<Logger::Error<<"AXFR done for '"<<domain<<"'"<<endl;
A backend that wants to act as an ‘autosecondary’ (formerly ‘superslave’) for a primary should implement the following method:
class DNSBackend
{
virtual bool superMasterBackend(const string &ip, const string &domain, const vector<DNSResourceRecord>&nsset, string *account, DNSBackend **db)
};
This function gets called with the IP address of the potential autoprimary, the domain it is sending a notification for and the set of NS records for this domain at that IP address.
Using the supplied data, the backend needs to determine if this is a bonafide ‘supernotification’ which should be honoured. If it decides that it should, the supplied pointer to ‘account’ needs to be filled with the configured name of the autoprimary (if accounting is desired), and the db needs to be filled with a pointer to your backend.
Autoprimary/autosecondary is a complicated concept, if this is all unclear see the Autoprimary: automatic provisioning of secondaries documentation.
In order to be a useful primary for a domain, notifies must be sent out whenever a domain is changed. Periodically, PowerDNS queries backends for domains that may have changed, and sends out notifications to secondary nameservers.
In order to do so, PowerDNS calls the getUpdatedMasters() method.
Like the getUnfreshSlaveInfos() function mentioned above, this
should add changed domain names to the vector passed.
The following excerpt from the DNSBackend shows the relevant functions:
class DNSBackend {
public:
/* ... */
virtual void getUpdatedMasters(vector<DomainInfo>* domains);
virtual void setNotified(uint32_t id, uint32_t serial);
/* ... */
}
These functions all have a default implementation that returns false - which explains that these methods can be omitted in simple backends. Furthermore, unlike with simple backends, a secondary capable backend must make sure that the ‘DNSBackend *db’ field of the SOAData record is filled out correctly - it is used to determine which backend will house this zone.
DNSBackend::getUpdatedMasters(vector<DomainInfo> *domains)¶When called, the backend should examine its list of master domains and
add any changed ones to the DomainInfo vector.
DNSBackend::setNotified(uint32_t domain_id, uint32_t serial)¶Indicate that notifications have been queued for this domain and that it need not be considered ‘updated’ anymore
To make your backend DNS update compatible, it needs to implement a number of new functions and functions already used for secondary operation. The new functions are not DNS update specific and might be used for other update/remove functionality at a later stage.
class DNSBackend {
public:
/* ... */
virtual bool startTransaction(const string &qname, int id);
virtual bool commitTransaction();
virtual bool abortTransaction();
virtual bool feedRecord(const DNSResourceRecord &rr, string *ordername);
virtual bool replaceRRSet(uint32_t domain_id, const string& qname, const QType& qt, const vector<DNSResourceRecord>& rrset)
virtual bool listSubZone(const string &zone, int domain_id);
/* ... */
}
DNSBackend::startTransaction(const string &qname, int id)¶See above. Please
note that this function now receives a negative number (-1), which
indicates that the current zone data should NOT be deleted.
DNSBackend::abortTransaction()¶See cpp:func:above <DNSBackend::abortTransaction>. Method is called when an exception is received.
DNSBackend::feedRecord(const DNSResourceRecord &rr, string *ordername)¶See above.
Please keep in mind that the zone is not empty because
startTransaction() was called different.
DNSBackend::listSubZone(const string &name, int domain_id)¶This method is needed for rectification of a zone after NS-records have
been added. For DNSSEC, we need to know which records are below the
currently added record. listSubZone() is used like list() which
means PowerDNS will call get() after this method. The default SQL
query looks something like this:
// First %s is 'sub.zone.com', second %s is '*.sub.zone.com'
select content,ttl,prio,type,domain_id,name from records where (name='%s' OR name like '%s') and domain_id=%d
The method is not only used when adding records, but also to correct ENT-records in powerdns. Make sure it returns every record in the tree below the given record.
DNSBackend::replaceRRSet(uint32_t domain_id, const string &qname, const QType &qt, const vector<DNSResourceRecord> &rrset)¶This method should remove all the records with qname of type qt.
qt might also be ANY, which means all the records with that
qname need to be removed. After removal, the records in rrset
must be added to the zone. rrset can be empty in which case the
method is used to remove a RRset.
As described in Per zone settings: Domain Metadata, each served zone can have “metadata”. Such metadata determines how this zone behaves in certain circumstances. In order for a backend to support domain metadata, the following operations have to be implemented:
class DNSBackend {
public:
/* ... */
virtual bool getAllDomainMetadata(const DNSName& name, std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string> >& meta);
virtual bool getDomainMetadata(const DNSName& name, const std::string& kind, std::vector<std::string>& meta);
virtual bool setDomainMetadata(const DNSName& name, const std::string& kind, const std::vector<std::string>& meta);
/* ... */
}
getAllDomainMetadata(const DNSName &name, std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> &meta)¶Fills ‘meta’ with the value(s) of all kinds for zone ‘name’. Returns true if the domain metadata operation are supported, regardless of whether there is any data for this zone.
getDomainMetadata(const DNSName &name, const std::string &kind, std::vector<std::string> &meta)¶Fills ‘meta’ with the value(s) of the specified kind for zone ‘name’. Returns true if the domain metadata operation are supported, regardless of whether there is any data of this kind for this zone.
setDomainMetadata(const DNSName &name, const std::string &kind, const std::vector<std::string> &meta)¶Store the values from ‘meta’ for the specified kind for zone ‘name’, discarding existing values if any. An empty meta is equivalent to a deletion request. Returns true if the values have been correctly stored, and false otherwise.
In order for a backend to support the storage of TSIG keys, the following operations have to be implemented:
class DNSBackend {
public:
/* ... */
virtual bool getTSIGKey(const DNSName& name, DNSName* algorithm, string* content);
virtual bool setTSIGKey(const DNSName& name, const DNSName& algorithm, const string& content);
virtual bool deleteTSIGKey(const DNSName& name);
virtual bool getTSIGKeys(std::vector< struct TSIGKey > &keys);
/* ... */
}
In order for a backend to support DNSSEC, quite a few number of additional operations have to be implemented:
struct KeyData {
std::string content;
unsigned int id;
unsigned int flags;
bool active;
bool published;
};
class DNSBackend {
public:
/* ... */
virtual bool doesDNSSEC();
virtual bool getBeforeAndAfterNamesAbsolute(uint32_t id, const DNSName& qname, DNSName& unhashed, DNSName& before, DNSName& after);
/* update operations */
virtual bool updateDNSSECOrderNameAndAuth(uint32_t domain_id, const DNSName& qname, const DNSName& ordername, bool auth, const uint16_t qtype=QType::ANY);
virtual bool updateEmptyNonTerminals(uint32_t domain_id, set<DNSName>& insert, set<DNSName>& erase, bool remove);
virtual bool feedEnts(int domain_id, map<DNSName,bool> &nonterm);
virtual bool feedEnts3(int domain_id, const DNSName &domain, map<DNSName,bool> &nonterm, const NSEC3PARAMRecordContent& ns3prc, bool narrow);
/* keys management */
virtual bool getDomainKeys(const DNSName& name, std::vector<KeyData>& keys);
virtual bool removeDomainKey(const DNSName& name, unsigned int id);
virtual bool addDomainKey(const DNSName& name, const KeyData& key, int64_t& id);
virtual bool activateDomainKey(const DNSName& name, unsigned int id);
virtual bool deactivateDomainKey(const DNSName& name, unsigned int id);
virtual bool publishDomainKey(const DNSName& name, unsigned int id);
virtual bool unpublishDomainKey(const DNSName& name, unsigned int id);
/* ... */
}
doesDNSSEC()¶Returns true if that backend supports DNSSEC.
getBeforeAndAfterNamesAbsolute(uint32_t id, const DNSName &qname, DNSName &unhashed, DNSName &before, DNSName &after)¶Asks the names before and after qname for NSEC and NSEC3. The qname will be hashed when using NSEC3. Care must be taken to handle wrap-around when qname is the first or last in the ordered list of zone names. Please note that in case the requested name is present in the zone, it should be returned as the “before” name.
updateDNSSECOrderNameAndAuth(uint32_t domain_id, const DNSName &qname, const DNSName &ordername, bool auth, const uint16_t qtype = QType::ANY)¶Updates the ordername and auth fields.
updateEmptyNonTerminals(uint32_t domain_id, set<DNSName> &insert, set<DNSName> &erase, bool remove)¶Updates ENT after a zone has been rectified. If ‘remove’ is false, ‘erase’ contains a list of ENTs to remove from the zone before adding any. Otherwise all ENTs should be removed from the zone before adding any. ‘insert’ contains the list of ENTs to add to the zone after the removals have been done.
feedEnts(int domain_id, map<DNSName, bool> &nonterm)¶This method is used by pdnsutil rectify-zone to populate missing non-terminals. This is used when you have, say, record like _sip._upd.example.com, but no _udp.example.com. PowerDNS requires that there exists a non-terminal in between, and this instructs you to add one.
feedEnts3(int domain_id, const DNSName &domain, map<DNSName, bool> &nonterm, const NSEC3PARAMRecordContent &ns3prc, bool narrow)¶Same as feedEnts, but provides NSEC3 hashing parameters.
getDomainKeys(const DNSName &name, std::vector<KeyData> &keys)¶Retrieves all DNSSEC keys. Content must be valid key record in format that PowerDNS understands.
removeDomainKey(const DNSName &name, unsigned int id)¶Removes this key.
addDomainKey(const DNSName &name, const KeyData &key, int64_t &id)¶Adds a new DNSSEC key for this domain.
activateDomainKey(const DNSName &name, unsigned int id)¶Activates an inactive DNSSEC key for this domain.
deactivateDomainKey(const DNSName &name, unsigned int id)¶Deactivates an active DNSSEC key for this domain.
publishDomainKey(const DNSName &name, unsigned int id)¶Publishes a previously hidden DNSSEC key for this domain.
unpublishDomainKey(const DNSName &name, unsigned int id)¶Hides a DNSSEC key for this domain. Hidden DNSSEC keys are used for signing but do not appear in the actual zone, and are useful for rollover operations.
You are expected to reply with a DNSResourceRecord having qtype = 0,
ttl = 0 and content should be empty string (string length 0)
You may have noticed that PowerDNS has several C++ classes for holding DNS data. Some use presentation format, some use the wire format. Some just hold content, some hold a whole record.
Below, we’ll show the class definitions of each (with some details omitted, but with some useful words added) to help you find your way.
struct DNSZoneRecord
{
int domain_id{-1};
uint8_t scopeMask{0};
int signttl{0};
DNSName wildcardname;
bool auth{true};
bool disabled{false};
DNSRecord dr;
};
DNSZoneRecord holds a record in the context of a zone.
It is a wrapper around DNSRecord with some extra fields that PowerDNS might need to handle DNSSEC and ECS correctly.
struct DNSRecord
{
DNSRecord() : d_type(0), d_class(QClass::IN), d_ttl(0), d_clen(0), d_place(DNSResourceRecord::ANSWER)
{}
explicit DNSRecord(const DNSResourceRecord& rr);
DNSName d_name;
std::shared_ptr<DNSRecordContent> d_content;
uint16_t d_type;
uint16_t d_class;
uint32_t d_ttl;
uint16_t d_clen;
DNSResourceRecord::Place d_place;
// this orders by name/type/class/ttl/lowercased zone representation
bool operator<(const DNSRecord& rhs);
// this orders in canonical order and keeps the SOA record on top
static bool prettyCompare(const DNSRecord& a, const DNSRecord& b);
bool operator==(const DNSRecord& rhs) const
};
DNSRecord holds a DNS record.
It has name, type, class, TTL, content length, and a content object of type DNSRecordContent.
class DNSRecordContent
{
public:
static std::shared_ptr<DNSRecordContent> mastermake(...);
virtual std::string getZoneRepresentation(bool noDot=false) const = 0;
virtual void toPacket(DNSPacketWriter& pw)=0;
virtual string serialize(const DNSName& qname, bool canonic=false, bool lowerCase=false);
virtual bool operator==(const DNSRecordContent& rhs); // compares presentation format
static shared_ptr<DNSRecordContent> deserialize(const DNSName& qname, uint16_t qtype, const string& serialized);
void doRecordCheck(const struct DNSRecord&){}
virtual uint16_t getType() const = 0;
};
DNSRecordContent holds DNS content, in individual fields for the various contents of record types.
It is subclassed for all supported types:
class SRVRecordContent : public DNSRecordContent
{
public:
SRVRecordContent(uint16_t preference, uint16_t weight, uint16_t port, DNSName target);
includeboilerplate(SRV)
uint16_t d_weight, d_port;
DNSName d_target;
uint16_t d_preference;
};
class DNSResourceRecord
{
public:
DNSResourceRecord() : last_modified(0), ttl(0), signttl(0), domain_id(-1), qclass(1), scopeMask(0), auth(1), disabled(0) {};
static DNSResourceRecord fromWire(const DNSRecord& d);
void setContent(const string& content);
string getZoneRepresentation(bool noDot=false) const;
DNSName qname; //!< the name of this record, for example: www.powerdns.com
DNSName ordername;
DNSName wildcardname;
string content; //!< what this record points to. Example: 10.1.2.3
uint32_t ttl; //!< Time To Live of this record
uint32_t signttl; //!< If non-zero, use this TTL as original TTL in the RRSIG
int domain_id; //!< If a backend implements this, the domain_id of the zone this record is in
QType qtype; //!< qtype of this record, ie A, CNAME, MX etc
uint16_t qclass; //!< class of this record
uint8_t scopeMask;
bool auth;
bool disabled;
bool operator==(const DNSResourceRecord& rhs);
bool operator<(const DNSResourceRecord &b);
DNSResourceRecord holds a DNS record with content in presentation format, as a string.